How to read the table: every measure is scored from 0 to 100 against a fixed benchmark (the line under each measure), not against other cities. Adding cities never changes this score. Black bars = a score below 15.
MeasureKolweziScore against the benchmarkScore
Economy · 100 out of 100
Night-time light, 2015–250 = no growth · 100 = +10% a year (light ×2.6 in a decade)
+201%
100
Research output, 2015–240 = no growth · 100 = output ×8 in a decade (+23.1% a year; set high because new journals entering the index inflate growth) · scored only with at least 100 works in 2015
not reported
–
Income per person, 2015–20Context, not in the grade: its period ends in the COVID year (2020)
+3%
–
Connections · 100 out of 100
Fixed internet speed growth, 2020–230 = no gain · 100 = +50% a year · growth counted from at least 15 Mbps
+351%
100
Research with foreign co-authors, 2015–240 = no gain in the share of research written with co-authors abroad · 100 = +15 points a decade · scored only with at least 100 works in 2015
not reported
–
World attention (Wikipedia readers), 2016–18 to 2023–250 = the city's share of Wikipedia reading does not grow · 100 = it grows 5% a year (×1.4 in seven years) · 3-year averages over at least 3 Wikipedias (10 large ones plus the city's own languages); renamed or new pages left out, one-off news peaks capped at twice the 10-year median
+66%
100
Air passengers, 2015–25Extra fact, not in the grade: no single worldwide airport source; filled as official files arrive
not reported
–
Internet speed reached, 2023Context, not in the grade: a level, not a change (it counts in “where it stands”)
31 Mbps
–
Energy · 50 out of 100
Sun and wind added within 100 km, 2015–250 = none · 100 = 350 W per person per decade (the world average pace 2015–25, IRENA)
2.9 W per person
1
Clean share of new power within 100 km, 2015–250 = all new power nearby is fossil · 100 = all of it is clean (solar, wind, hydro, nuclear, geothermal); scored where at least 100 MW was built
100%
100
Built-up land lit at night, 2015–25Context, not in the grade: 4 in 10 cities are already fully lit, and street-light dimming or LED switch-overs read as falls
+18.3 points
–
People · 71 out of 100
Population growth, 2015–250 = shrinking or flat · 100 = +3% a year
+87%
100
Human development (region), 2015–200 = no gain · 100 = +0.008 a year · Regional figure: every city in the province shares this value.
+0.009
22
Share of residents aged 20–34, 2015–250 = the share aged 20–34 falls 5 points a decade · 100 = it rises 1 point or more · within 25 km · Regional figure: modelled by WorldPop from province-level census ages, so cities in one province can share the same value.
+0.5 points
92
Transport · 2 out of 100
Residents near public transport0 = 0% · 100 = 100% (UN target: everyone by 2030)
4%
4
Mobile internet speed growth, 2020–230 = no gain · 100 = mobile speed doubling every year (×8 in three years) · growth counted from at least 15 Mbps
−19%
0
Metro and rapid bus opened per million people, 2015–25Extra fact, not in the grade: no single worldwide metro source; filled as official records arrive
not reported
–
Environment · 12 out of 100
Land built vs people added, 2010–200 = land grows 2× faster than people · 100 = land grows at most 0.35 times as fast
1.42 (1 = land and people grow together)
35
Fine-particle air pollution, 2013–15 to 2021–230 = no fall · 100 = −8% a year (China's 2013–20 pace), or already at or below 5 µg/m³ (the WHO guideline)
+14%
0
Greenness of built-up land, 2015–250 = −0.03 a decade (losing green) · 100 = +0.10 a decade
−0.048
0
